一、沼氣的組成特性與脫硫必要性

1、 Composition characteristics of biogas and necessity of desulfurization

沼氣作為一種重要的可再生能源，其主要成分為甲烷（CH?）和二氧化碳（CO?），同時含有少量硫化氫（H?S）等有害氣體。其中，硫化氫具有極強的毒性，當空氣中H?S濃度達到0.1%時即可致人死亡。除了危害人體健康外，硫化氫還會對金屬管道、沼氣發(fā)電機、鍋爐等用氣設備造成嚴重腐蝕。更值得注意的是，硫化氫在燃燒過程中會轉化為二氧化硫（SO?），這種物質不僅具有強腐蝕性，還會導致酸雨形成，對環(huán)境造成二次污染。根據我國嚴格的環(huán)保標準規(guī)定，沼氣能源利用時總硫含量不得超過20mg/m3。然而，實際沼氣中的硫化氫濃度通常在1～12g/m3范圍內，遠超國家標準限值。因此，為保障人員安全、保護生態(tài)環(huán)境并延長設備使用壽命，沼氣在綜合利用前必須進行脫硫處理。

Biogas, as an important renewable energy source, is mainly composed of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO ?), as well as a small amount of harmful gases such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Among them, hydrogen sulfide has extremely strong toxicity and can cause death when the concentration of H2S in the air reaches 0.1%. In addition to endangering human health, hydrogen sulfide can also cause serious corrosion to gas equipment such as metal pipelines, biogas generators, boilers, etc. It is worth noting that hydrogen sulfide is converted into sulfur dioxide (SO ?) during combustion, which not only has strong corrosiveness, but also leads to the formation of acid rain, causing secondary pollution to the environment. According to China's strict environmental standards, the total sulfur content during the utilization of biogas energy shall not exceed 20mg/m 3. However, the actual concentration of hydrogen sulfide in biogas is usually within the range of 1-12g/m 3, far exceeding the national standard limit. Therefore, in order to ensure personnel safety, protect the ecological environment, and extend the service life of equipment, biogas must undergo desulfurization treatment before comprehensive utilization.

二、主流脫硫技術分類及特點

2、 Classification and characteristics of mainstream desulfurization technologies

目前沼氣脫硫技術主要分為三大類，每種技術都有其獨特的工藝特點和適用范圍：

At present, biogas desulfurization technology is mainly divided into three categories, each with its unique process characteristics and applicable scope:

干法脫硫技術

Dry desulfurization technology

干法脫硫是將特制脫硫劑（如氧化鐵）填充在脫硫塔內，當沼氣通過填料層時，其中的硫化氫與脫硫劑發(fā)生物理吸附或化學反應而被去除。該技術具有以下特點：

Dry desulfurization is the process of filling a specially designed desulfurizer (such as iron oxide) into a desulfurization tower. When biogas passes through the packing layer, the hydrogen sulfide in it undergoes physical adsorption or chemical reaction with the desulfurizer to be removed. This technology has the following characteristics:

適用于硫化氫濃度較低（通常＜500ppm）的情況

Suitable for situations with low hydrogen sulfide concentration (usually<500ppm)

處理氣量相對較小

The processing gas volume is relatively small

脫硫精度高，可達1ppm以下

High desulfurization accuracy, up to 1ppm or less

工藝流程簡單，操作方便

Simple process flow and easy operation

會產生廢舊氧化鐵脫硫劑，需專業(yè)處理

Waste iron oxide desulfurizer will be generated and requires professional treatment

濕法脫硫技術

Wet desulfurization technology

濕法脫硫是通過含有催化劑的液相將沼氣中的硫化氫氧化為單質硫的工藝，主要包括吸收和再生兩個關鍵過程。其技術特點包括：

Wet flue gas desulfurization is a process that oxidizes hydrogen sulfide in biogas to elemental sulfur through a liquid phase containing a catalyst. It mainly includes two key processes: absorption and regeneration. Its technical features include:

適用于中高濃度硫化氫（500-5000ppm）的脫除

Suitable for the removal of medium to high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (500-5000ppm)

處理能力大，適合規(guī)模化應用

Large processing capacity, suitable for large-scale applications

脫硫效率較高，但精度不及干法

The desulfurization efficiency is high, but the accuracy is not as good as the dry method

運行成本相對較低

Relatively low operating costs

會產生硫磺副產品，需進一步處理

It will produce sulfur by-products and require further processing

生物脫硫技術

Biological desulfurization technology

生物脫硫是近年來在歐洲、日本等發(fā)達地區(qū)興起的新型脫硫技術，其原理是利用硫桿菌屬和絲硫菌屬等微生物的新陳代謝作用去除硫元素。該技術的優(yōu)勢在于：

Biological desulfurization is a new desulfurization technology that has emerged in developed regions such as Europe and Japan in recent years. Its principle is to use the metabolic processes of microorganisms such as sulfur bacteria and silk sulfur bacteria to remove sulfur elements. The advantages of this technology are:

環(huán)境友好，基本無二次污染

Environmentally friendly, with minimal secondary pollution

運行成本最低

Lowest operating cost

產生的含硫液體可現場利用或進入好氧系統(tǒng)

The sulfur-containing liquid generated can be utilized on-site or enter the aerobic system

適合各種規(guī)模的沼氣工程

Suitable for biogas projects of various scales

需要嚴格控制運行參數

Strict control of operating parameters is required

三、技術比較與選擇建議

3、 Technical Comparison and Selection Suggestions

在選擇脫硫工藝時，需綜合考慮以下因素：

When choosing a desulfurization process, the following factors should be considered comprehensively:

沼氣中硫化氫的初始濃度

Initial concentration of hydrogen sulfide in biogas

處理氣量大小

Processing gas volume size

要求的脫硫精度

Required desulfurization accuracy

投資和運行成本預算

Investment and operating cost budget

副產品處理方案

By product processing plan

現場條件和管理水平

On site conditions and management level

對于小型沼氣工程（日產氣量＜500m3），建議優(yōu)先考慮干法脫硫；中型項目（500-2000m3/d）可選用濕法脫硫；大型沼氣工程（＞2000m3/d）則推薦采用生物脫硫或組合工藝。在實際應用中，有時會采用兩級脫硫系統(tǒng)，先用濕法進行粗脫，再用干法進行精脫，以達到最佳的經濟技術效果。

For small-scale biogas projects (daily gas production<500m 3), it is recommended to prioritize dry desulfurization; Medium sized projects (500-2000m 3/d) can choose wet desulfurization; For large-scale biogas projects (>2000m 3/d), it is recommended to use biological desulfurization or combined processes. In practical applications, sometimes a two-stage desulfurization system is used, where wet method is first used for coarse desulfurization, and then dry method is used for fine desulfurization to achieve the best economic and technical results.

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